Phytomenadione (Injection)
Therapeutic Class: Vitamins and Minerals (Vitamin-K Preparations)
Indications:
Phytomenadione (Vitamin K-1) is indicated in the following indications-
Overdose:
No overdose effects are known
- Prevention and treatment of bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency.
- Haemorrhage or risk of haemorrhage as a result of severe ' hypoprothrombinemia' (i.e. deficiency of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X) of various etiologies, including overdosage of coumarin-type anticoagulants, their combination with Phenylbutazone, and other forms of hypovitaminosis K (e.g. in obstructive jaundice as well as liver and intestinal disorders, and after prolonged treatment with antibiotics, sulphonamides or salicylates).
- Prophylaxis and treatment of hemorrhagic disease in the newborn.
Presentation:
Inj. Phytomenadione paediatric: Each ampoule contains 2 mg of Phytomenadione in 0.2 ml of clear bile acid solution.
Inj. Phytomenadione Adult: Each ampoule contains 10 mg of Phytomenadione in 1 ml of clear bile acid solution.
Description:
Vitamin K1 (Phytomenadione) is a procoagulant factor. As a component of a hepatic carboxylase system, Vitamin K1 is involved in the post-translational carboxylation of clotting factors II (Prothrombin), VII, IX and X and the clotting inhibitors protein C and protein S. Coumarins inhibit the reduction of Vitamin K1 (quinone form) to Vitamin K1 (hydroquinone) and also prevent the Vitamin K1 epoxide arising after carboxylation from being reduced to the quinone form.
Vitamin K1 is an antagonist of coumarin-type anticoagulants, e.g. Phenprocoumon. It does not, however, neutralise the activity of Heparin; Protamine is the antagonist of Heparin.
Vitamin K1 is ineffective in hereditary hypoprothrombinemia or hypoprothrombinemia induced by severe hepatic failure.
Lack of Vitamin K1 leads to an increased tendency to haemorrhagic disease in the newborn. Vitamin K1 administration, which promotes the synthesis of the above-mentioned coagulation factors by the liver, can reverse an abnormal coagulation status and bleed due to vitamin K1 deficiency.
Dosage & Administration:
Neonates with special risk factors (e.g. prematurity, birth asphyxia, obstructive jaundice, inability to swallow, maternal use of anticoagulants or antiepileptics):
1 mg intramuscularly or intravenously at birth or shortly after birth if the oral route is unsuitable.
Intramuscular and intravenous doses should not exceed 0.4 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.04 ml/kg) in premature infants weighing less than 2.5 kg (see Precautions).
The size and frequency of further doses should be based on coagulation status.
Use in elderly: Elderly patients tend to be more sensitive to reversal of anticoagulation with Inj. Phytomenadione. The dosage for this patient group should therefore be at the lower end of the ranges recommended.
Side Effects:
There are isolated unconfirmed reports on the possible occurrence of anaphylactoid reactions after parenteral use of Phytomenadione mixed-micelle solutions. Very rarely, venous irritation or phlebitis has been reported in association with parenteral administration of Phytomenadione.
Precautions:
At the time of use, the mixed micelle ampoule solutions must be clear. Following incorrect storage, the solution may become turbid or a phase separation may occur. In such cases, the ampoule must not be used.
When patients with severely impaired liver function are treated, the formation of prothrombin may be impaired. Therefore, careful monitoring of the coagulation parameters is necessary after administration of Inj. Phytomenadione.
In potentially fatal and severe haemorrhage due to overdosage of coumarin anticoagulants, IV injections of Inj. Phytomenadione should be accompanied by more immediately effective treatment, such as transfusions of whole blood or blood-clotting factors. When patients with prosthetic heart valves are given transfusions for the treatment of severe or potentially fatal haemorrhages, fresh frozen plasma should be used.
Large doses of Inj. K should be avoided if it is intended to continue with anticoagulant therapy.
Parenteral administration may be associated with an increased risk of kernicterus in premature infants weighing less than 2.5 kg.
Interaction:
Phytomenadione antagonises the effect of coumarin-type anticoagulants. Coadministration of anticonvulsants can impair the action of vitamin K-1.
Inj. Phytomenadione paediatric: Each ampoule contains 2 mg of Phytomenadione in 0.2 ml of clear bile acid solution.
Inj. Phytomenadione Adult: Each ampoule contains 10 mg of Phytomenadione in 1 ml of clear bile acid solution.
Description:
Vitamin K1 (Phytomenadione) is a procoagulant factor. As a component of a hepatic carboxylase system, Vitamin K1 is involved in the post-translational carboxylation of clotting factors II (Prothrombin), VII, IX and X and the clotting inhibitors protein C and protein S. Coumarins inhibit the reduction of Vitamin K1 (quinone form) to Vitamin K1 (hydroquinone) and also prevent the Vitamin K1 epoxide arising after carboxylation from being reduced to the quinone form.
Vitamin K1 is an antagonist of coumarin-type anticoagulants, e.g. Phenprocoumon. It does not, however, neutralise the activity of Heparin; Protamine is the antagonist of Heparin.
Vitamin K1 is ineffective in hereditary hypoprothrombinemia or hypoprothrombinemia induced by severe hepatic failure.
Lack of Vitamin K1 leads to an increased tendency to haemorrhagic disease in the newborn. Vitamin K1 administration, which promotes the synthesis of the above-mentioned coagulation factors by the liver, can reverse an abnormal coagulation status and bleed due to vitamin K1 deficiency.
Dosage & Administration:
Neonates with special risk factors (e.g. prematurity, birth asphyxia, obstructive jaundice, inability to swallow, maternal use of anticoagulants or antiepileptics):
1 mg intramuscularly or intravenously at birth or shortly after birth if the oral route is unsuitable.
Intramuscular and intravenous doses should not exceed 0.4 mg/kg (equivalent to 0.04 ml/kg) in premature infants weighing less than 2.5 kg (see Precautions).
The size and frequency of further doses should be based on coagulation status.
Use in elderly: Elderly patients tend to be more sensitive to reversal of anticoagulation with Inj. Phytomenadione. The dosage for this patient group should therefore be at the lower end of the ranges recommended.
Side Effects:
There are isolated unconfirmed reports on the possible occurrence of anaphylactoid reactions after parenteral use of Phytomenadione mixed-micelle solutions. Very rarely, venous irritation or phlebitis has been reported in association with parenteral administration of Phytomenadione.
Precautions:
At the time of use, the mixed micelle ampoule solutions must be clear. Following incorrect storage, the solution may become turbid or a phase separation may occur. In such cases, the ampoule must not be used.
When patients with severely impaired liver function are treated, the formation of prothrombin may be impaired. Therefore, careful monitoring of the coagulation parameters is necessary after administration of Inj. Phytomenadione.
In potentially fatal and severe haemorrhage due to overdosage of coumarin anticoagulants, IV injections of Inj. Phytomenadione should be accompanied by more immediately effective treatment, such as transfusions of whole blood or blood-clotting factors. When patients with prosthetic heart valves are given transfusions for the treatment of severe or potentially fatal haemorrhages, fresh frozen plasma should be used.
Large doses of Inj. K should be avoided if it is intended to continue with anticoagulant therapy.
Parenteral administration may be associated with an increased risk of kernicterus in premature infants weighing less than 2.5 kg.
Interaction:
Phytomenadione antagonises the effect of coumarin-type anticoagulants. Coadministration of anticonvulsants can impair the action of vitamin K-1.
Overdose:
No overdose effects are known
Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
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